Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening blood chemical (electrolyte) imbalance that develops in a person with diabetes when the cells do not get the sugar (glucose) they need for energy. As a result, the body breaks down fat instead of glucose and produces and releases substances called ketones into the bloodstream.

People with type 1 diabetes and some people with type 2 diabetes are at risk for DKA if they do not take enough insulin, have a severe infection or other illness, or become severely dehydrated.

Symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include:

• High blood sugar and high ketone level.
• Increased thirst and urination.
• Flushed, hot, dry skin.
• A strong, fruity breath odor.
• Restlessness, drowsiness, or difficulty waking up. Young children may lack interest in their normal activities.
• Rapid, deep breathing.
• Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and vomiting.
• Confusion.

Severe diabetic ketoacidosis can cause difficulty breathing, brain swelling (cerebral edema), coma, or death.

Treatment involves giving insulin and fluids through a vein (I.V.) while being closely monitored in the hospital.